[[PIE conjugation]] # Proto-Central IE sample conjugations The following verb conjugations of Proto-[[A probable cladistic tree of IE|Central IE]] a reproduced from Ringe as an exercise. [^ringe]: 2017, [[@ringeProtoIndoEuropeanProtoGermanic2017|From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic]], p. 43–49 (§2.3.3(vi)) > [!info] Note > For now, participles are omitted, since these are nominals and as such are affected by [[PIE declension]]. #### <em class="recon">h₁(é)s-</em> ‘be’ root imperfective only, active only | | 1ary indic. | 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | | ---- | --------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------- | | 1sg. | <em class="recon">h₁ésmi</em> | <em class="recon">h₁ésṃ</em> | <em class="recon">h₁ésoh₂</em> | <em class="recon">h₁siḗm</em> (< <em class="recon">h₁siéh₁m</em>?) | — | | 2sg. | <em class="recon">h₁ési</em> (< <em class="recon">h₁es-si</em>) | <em class="recon">h₁és</em> (< <em class="recon">h₁és-s</em>) | <em class="recon">h₁ésesi</em> | <em class="recon">h₁siéh₁s</em> | <em class="recon">h₁es</em>, <em class="recon">h₁sdʰí</em> | | 3sg. | <em class="recon">h₁ésti</em> | <em class="recon">h₁ést</em> | <em class="recon">h₁éseti</em> | <em class="recon">h₁siéh₁t</em> | <em class="recon">h₁éstu</em> | | 1du. | <em class="recon">h₁suós</em> | <em class="recon">h₁sué</em> | <em class="recon">h₁ésowos</em> | <em class="recon">h₁sih₁wé</em> | — | | 2du. | <em class="recon">h₁stés</em> | <em class="recon">h₁stóm</em> | <em class="recon">h₁ésetes</em> | <em class="recon">h₁sih₁tóm</em> | <em class="recon">h₁stóm</em> | | 3du. | <em class="recon">h₁stés</em> | <em class="recon">h₁stā́m</em> | <em class="recon">h₁ésetes</em> | <em class="recon">h₁sih₁tā́m</em> | <em class="recon">h₁stā́m</em> | | 1pl. | <em class="recon">h₁sṃós</em> | <em class="recon">h₁sṃé</em> | <em class="recon">h₁ésemos</em> | <em class="recon">h₁sih₁mé</em> | — | | 2pl. | <em class="recon">h₁sté</em> | <em class="recon">h₁sté</em> | <em class="recon">h₁ésete</em> | <em class="recon">h₁sih₁té</em> | <em class="recon">h₁sté</em> | | 3pl. | <em class="recon">h₁sténti</em>[^ns] | <em class="recon">h₁sténd</em> | <em class="recon">h₁ésonti</em> | <em class="recon">h₁sih₁énd</em> | <em class="recon">h₁éntu</em> | [^sy]: I am unsure as to the reason for this syllabification. [^ns]: I am unsure as to the reason for lack of syllabification. #### <em class="recon">l(é)ykʷ-</em> ‘leave behind‘ root perfective with nasal-infix imperfective (<em class="recon">lin(é)kʷ</em>) and reduplicated stative (<em class="recon">lel(é/ó)ykʷ-</em>) ##### Imperfective, active | | 1ary indic. | 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | | ---- | -------------------------------- | -------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------- | | 1sg. | <em class="recon">linékʷmi</em> | <em class="recon">linékʷṃ</em> | <em class="recon">linékʷoh₂</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷiḗm</em> | — | | 2sg. | <em class="recon">linékʷsi</em> | <em class="recon">linékʷs</em> | <em class="recon">linékʷesi</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷiéh₁s</em> | <em class="recon">linékʷ</em>, <em class="recon">linkʷdʰí</em> | | 3sg. | <em class="recon">linékʷti</em> | <em class="recon">linékʷt</em> | <em class="recon">linékʷeti</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷiéh₁t</em> | <em class="recon">linékʷtu</em> | | 1du. | <em class="recon">linkuós</em> | <em class="recon">linkué</em> | <em class="recon">linékʷowos</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷih₁wé</em> | — | | 2du. | <em class="recon">linkʷtés</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷtóm</em> | <em class="recon">linékʷetes</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷih₁tóm</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷtóm</em> | | 3du. | <em class="recon">linkʷtés</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷtā́m</em> | <em class="recon">linékʷetes</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷih₁tā́m</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷtā́m</em> | | 1pl. | <em class="recon">linkʷṃós</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷṃé</em> | <em class="recon">linékʷomos</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷih₁mé</em> | — | | 2pl. | <em class="recon">linkʷté</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷté</em> | <em class="recon">linékʷete</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷih₁té</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷté</em> | | 3pl. | <em class="recon">linkʷénti</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷénd</em> | <em class="recon">linékʷonti</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷih₁énd</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷéntu</em> | ##### Imperfective, mediopassive | | 1ary indic. | 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | | ---- | ----------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | | 1sg. | <em class="recon">linkʷh₂áy</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷh₂á</em> | <em class="recon">linékʷoh₂ay</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷih₁h₂á</em> | — | | 2sg. | <em class="recon">linkʷth₂áy</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷth₂á</em> | <em class="recon">linékʷeth₂ay</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷih₁th₂á</em> | ??? | | 3sg. | <em class="recon">linkʷtóy</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷtó</em> | <em class="recon">linékʷetoy</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷih₁tó</em> | ??? | | 1du. | <em class="recon">linkuósdʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">linkuédʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">linékʷowosdʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷih₁wédʰh₂</em> | — | | 2du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | | 3du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | | 1pl. | <em class="recon">linkʷṃósdʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷṃédʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">linékʷomosdʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷih₁médʰh₂</em> | ??? | | 2pl. | <em class="recon">linkʷdʰh₂ué</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷdʰh₂ué</em> | <em class="recon">linékʷedʰh₂ue</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷih₁dʰh₂ué</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷdʰh₂ué</em> | | 3pl. | <em class="recon">linkʷṇtóy</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷṇtó</em> | <em class="recon">linékʷontoy</em> | <em class="recon">linkʷih₁ró</em>[^arc] | ??? | [^arc]: Apparent preserved archaism ##### Perfective, active | | 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | | ---- | ------------------------------- | -------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | | 1sg. | <em class="recon">léykʷṃ</em> | <em class="recon">léykʷoh₂</em> | <em class="recon">likʷyḗm</em> | — | | 2sg. | <em class="recon">léykʷs</em> | <em class="recon">léykʷesi</em> | <em class="recon">likʷyéh₁s</em> | <em class="recon">léykʷ</em>, <em class="recon">likʷdʰí</em> | | 3sg. | <em class="recon">léykʷt</em> | <em class="recon">léykʷeti</em> | <em class="recon">likʷyéh₁t</em> | <em class="recon">léykʷtu</em> | | 1du. | <em class="recon">likwé</em> | <em class="recon">léykʷowos</em> | <em class="recon">likʷih₁wé</em> | — | | 2du. | <em class="recon">likʷtóm</em> | <em class="recon">léykʷetes</em> | <em class="recon">likʷih₁tóm</em> | <em class="recon">likʷtóm</em> | | 3du. | <em class="recon">likʷtā́m</em> | <em class="recon">léykʷetes</em> | <em class="recon">likʷih₁tā́m</em> | <em class="recon">likʷtā́m</em> | | 1pl. | <em class="recon">likʷmé</em> | <em class="recon">léykʷomos</em> | <em class="recon">likʷih₁mé</em> | — | | 2pl. | <em class="recon">likʷté</em> | <em class="recon">léykʷete</em> | <em class="recon">likʷih₁té</em> | <em class="recon">likʷté</em> | | 3pl. | <em class="recon">likʷénd</em> | <em class="recon">léykʷonti</em> | <em class="recon">likʷih₁énd</em> | <em class="recon">likʷéntu</em> | ##### Perfective, mediopassive | | 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | | | ---- | --------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------ | -------------------------------- | --- | | 1sg. | <em class="recon">likʷh₂á</em> | <em class="recon">léykʷoh₂ay</em> | <em class="recon">likʷih₁h₂á</em> | — | | | 2sg. | <em class="recon">likʷth₂á</em> | <em class="recon">léykʷeth₂ay</em> | <em class="recon">likʷih₁th₂á</em> | ??? | | | 3sg. | <em class="recon">likʷtó</em> | <em class="recon">léykʷetoy</em> | <em class="recon">likʷih₁tó</em> | ??? | | | 1du. | <em class="recon">likwédʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">léykʷowosdʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">likʷih₁wédʰh₂</em> | — | | | 2du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | | | 3du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | | | 1pl. | <em class="recon">likʷmédʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">léykʷomosdʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">likʷih₁médʰh₂</em> | — | | | 2pl. | <em class="recon">likʷdʰh₂ué</em> | <em class="recon">léykʷedʰh₂ue</em> | <em class="recon">likʷih₁dʰh₂ué</em> | <em class="recon">likʷdh₂ué</em> | | | 3pl. | <em class="recon">likʷṇtó</em> | <em class="recon">léykʷontoy</em> | <em class="recon">likʷih₁ró</em> | ??? | | ##### Stative | | indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | | ---- | ---------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------- | | 1sg. | <em class="recon">lelóykʷh₂a</em> | <em class="recon">leléykʷoh₂</em> | <em class="recon">lelikʷyḗm</em> | — | | 2sg. | <em class="recon">lelóykʷth₂a</em> | <em class="recon">leléykʷesi</em> | <em class="recon">lelikʷyeh₁s</em> | ???, <em class="recon">lelikʷdʰí</em> | | 3sg. | <em class="recon">lelóykʷe</em> | <em class="recon">leléykʷeti</em> | <em class="recon">lelikʷyeh₁t</em> | ??? | | 1du. | <em class="recon">lelikwé</em> | <em class="recon">leléykʷowos</em> | <em class="recon">lelikʷih₁wé</em> | — | | 2du. | ??? | <em class="recon">leléykʷetes</em> | <em class="recon">lelikʷih₁tóm</em> | ??? | | 3du. | ??? | <em class="recon">leléykʷetes</em> | <em class="recon">lelikʷih₁tā́m</em> | ??? | | 1pl. | <em class="recon">lelikʷmé</em> | <em class="recon">leléykʷomos</em> | <em class="recon">lelikʷih₁mé</em> | ??? | | 2pl. | <em class="recon">lelikʷé</em> | <em class="recon">leléykʷete</em> | <em class="recon">lelikʷih₁té</em> | ??? | | 3pl. | <em class="recon">lelikʷḗr</em> | <em class="recon">leléykʷonti</em> | <em class="recon">lelikʷih₁end</em> | ??? | #### <em class="recon">dʰ(é)h₁-</em> ‘put’ root perfective with reduplicated athematic perfective (<em class="recon">dʰédʰ(e)h₁-</em>) ##### Imperfective, active | | 1ary indic. | 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | | ---- | --------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------ | | 1sg. | <em class="recon">dʰédʰeh₁mi</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰēm</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰeh₁oh₂</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ih₁ṃ</em> | — | | 2sg. | <em class="recon">dʰédʰeh₁si</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰeh₁s</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰeh₁esi</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ih₁s</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰeh₁</em>, <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁dʰi</em> | | 3sg. | <em class="recon">dʰédʰeh₁ti</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰeh₁t</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰeh₁eti</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ih₁t</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰeh₁tu</em> | | 1du. | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁uos</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ue</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰeh₁owos</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ih₁we</em> | — | | 2du. | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁tes</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁tom</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰeh₁etes</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ih₁tom</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁tom</em> | | 3du. | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁tes</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁tām</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰeh₁etes</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ih₁tām</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁tām</em> | | 1pl. | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ṃos</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ṃe</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰeh₁omos</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ih₁me</em> | — | | 2pl. | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁te</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁te</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰeh₁ete</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ih₁te</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁te</em> | | 3pl. | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ṇti</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ṇd</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰeh₁ondi</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ih₁end</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ṇtu</em> | ##### Imperfective, mediopassive | | 1ary indic. | 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | | ---- | ------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ | --------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ | | 1sg. | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁h₂ay</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁h₂a</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰeh₁oh₂ay</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ih₁h₂a</em> | — | | 2sg. | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁th₂ay</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁th₂a</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰeh₁eth₂ay</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ih₁th₂a</em> | ??? | | 3sg. | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁toy</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁to</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰeh₁etoy</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ih₁to</em> | ??? | | 1du. | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁uosdʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁uedʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰeh₁owosdʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ih₁wedʰh₂</em> | — | | 2du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | | 3du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | | 1pl. | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ṃosdʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ṃedʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédeh₁omosdʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ih₁medʰh₂</em> | — | | 2pl. | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁dʰh₂ue</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁dʰh₂ue</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédeh₁edʰh₂ue</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ih₁dʰh₂ue</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁dʰh₂ue</em> | | 3pl. | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ṇtoy</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédh₁ṇto</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédeh₁ontoy</em> | <em class="recon">dʰédʰh₁ih₁ro</em> | ??? | ##### Perfective, active | | 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | | ---- | ------------------------------- | -------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------ | | 1sg. | <em class="recon">dʰḗm</em> | <em class="recon">dʰéh₁oh₂</em> | <em class="recon">dʰh₁iḗm</em> | — | | 2sg. | <em class="recon">dʰéh₁s</em> | <em class="recon">dʰéh₁esi</em> | <em class="recon">dʰh₁ieh₁s</em> | <em class="recon">dʰéh₁</em>, <em class="recon">dʰh₁dʰí</em> | | 3sg. | <em class="recon">dʰéh₁t</em> | <em class="recon">dʰéh₁eti</em> | <em class="recon">dʰh₁ieh₁t</em> | <em class="recon">dʰéh₁tu</em> | | 1du. | <em class="recon">dʰh₁ué</em> | <em class="recon">dʰéh₁owos</em> | <em class="recon">dʰh₁ih₁wé</em> | — | | 2du. | <em class="recon">dʰh₁tóm</em> | <em class="recon">dʰéh₁etes</em> | <em class="recon">dʰh₁ih₁tóm</em> | <em class="recon">dʰh₁tóm</em> | | 3du. | <em class="recon">dʰh₁tā́m</em> | <em class="recon">dʰéh₁etes</em> | <em class="recon">dʰh₁ih₁tā́m</em> | <em class="recon">dʰh₁tā́m</em> | | 1pl. | <em class="recon">dʰh₁ṃé</em> | <em class="recon">dʰéh₁omos</em> | <em class="recon">dʰh₁ih₁mé</em> | — | | 2pl. | <em class="recon">dʰh₁té</em> | <em class="recon">dʰéh₁ete</em> | <em class="recon">dʰh₁ih₁té</em> | <em class="recon">dʰh₁té</em> | | 3pl. | <em class="recon">dʰh₁énd</em> | <em class="recon">dʰéh₁onti</em> | <em class="recon">dʰh₁ih₁énd</em> | <em class="recon">dʰh₁éntu</em> | ##### Perfective, mediopassive | | 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | | ---- | --------------------------------- | ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------ | --------------------------------- | | 1sg. | <em class="recon">dʰh₁h₂á</em> | <em class="recon">dʰéh₁oh₂ay</em> | <em class="recon">dʰh₁ih₁h₂á</em> | — | | 2sg. | <em class="recon">dʰh₁th₂á</em> | <em class="recon">dʰéh₁eth₂ay</em> | <em class="recon">dʰh₁ih₁th₂á</em> | ??? | | 3sg. | <em class="recon">dʰh₁tó</em> | <em class="recon">dʰéh₁etoy</em> | <em class="recon">dʰh₁ih₁tó</em> | ??? | | 1du. | <em class="recon">dʰh₁uédʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">dʰéh₁owosdʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">dʰh₁ih₁wédʰh₂</em> | — | | 2du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | | 3du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | | 1pl. | <em class="recon">dʰh₁ṃédʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">dʰéh₁omosdʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">dʰh₁ih₁médʰh₂</em> | — | | 2pl. | <em class="recon">dʰh₁dʰh₂ué</em> | <em class="recon">dʰéh₁edʰh₂ue</em> | <em class="recon">dʰh₁ih₁dʰh₂ué</em> | <em class="recon">dʰh₁dʰh₂ué</em> | | 3pl. | <em class="recon">dʰh₁ṇtó</em> | <em class="recon">dʰéh₁ontoy</em> | <em class="recon">dʰh₁ih₁ró</em> | ??? | #### <em class="recon">bʰér-</em> ‘carry’ simple thematic imperfective only ##### Imperfective, active | | 1ary indic. | 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | | ---- | ------------------------------- | ------------------------------- | ------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | | 1sg. | <em class="recon">bʰéroh₂</em> | <em class="recon">bʰérom</em> | <em class="recon">bʰérōh₂</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéroyh₁ṃ</em>[^sv] | — | | 2sg. | <em class="recon">bʰéresi</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéres</em> | <em class="recon">bʰérēsi</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéroys</em> | <em class="recon">bʰére</em>[^nimp] | | 3sg. | <em class="recon">bʰéreti</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéret</em> | <em class="recon">bʰérēti</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéroyt</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéretu</em> | | 1du. | <em class="recon">bʰérowos</em> | <em class="recon">bʰérowe</em> | <em class="recon">bʰérōwos</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéroywe</em> | — | | 2du. | <em class="recon">bʰéretes</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéretom</em> | <em class="recon">bʰérētes</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéroytom</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéretom</em> | | 3du. | <em class="recon">bʰéretes</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéretām</em> | <em class="recon">bʰérētes</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéroytām</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéretām</em> | | 1pl. | <em class="recon">bʰéromos</em> | <em class="recon">bʰérome</em> | <em class="recon">bʰérōmos</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéroyme</em> | — | | 2pl. | <em class="recon">bʰérete</em> | <em class="recon">bʰérete</em> | <em class="recon">bʰérēte</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéroyte</em> | <em class="recon">bʰérete</em> | | 3pl. | <em class="recon">bʰéronti</em> | <em class="recon">bʰérond</em> | <em class="recon">bʰérōnti</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéroyh₁end</em> | <em class="recon">bʰérontu</em> | [^nimp]: Thematic stems don't take emphatic ending? [^sv]: Appears that primary [[PIE syllabification of sonorants]] occurs prior to [[PIE laryngeal deletion]] (thus putting the laryngeal in the terminal syllable with <em class="recon">ṃ</em>), but [[Siever's law]] occurs after, exemplified by the entries below. ##### Imperfective, mediopassive | | 1ary indic. | 2ary indic | subjunctive | optative | imperative | | ---- | ----------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | | 1sg. | <em class="recon">bʰéroh₂ay</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéroh₂a</em> | <em class="recon">bʰérōh₂ay</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéroyh₂a</em> | — | | 2sg. | <em class="recon">bʰéreth₂ay</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéreth₂a</em> | <em class="recon">bʰérēth₂ay</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéroyth₂a</em> | ??? | | 3sg. | <em class="recon">bʰéretoy</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéreto</em> | <em class="recon">bʰérētoy</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéroyto</em> | ??? | | 1du. | <em class="recon">bʰérowosdʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">bʰérowedʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">bʰérōwosdʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéroywedʰh₂</em> | — | | 2du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | | 3du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | | 1pl. | <em class="recon">bʰéromosdʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéromedʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">bʰérōmosdʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéroymedʰh₂</em> | — | | 2pl. | <em class="recon">bʰéredʰh₂ue</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéredʰh₂ue</em> | <em class="recon">bʰérēdʰh₂ue</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéroydʰh₂ue</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéredʰh₂ue</em> | | 3pl. | <em class="recon">bʰérontoy</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéronto</em> | <em class="recon">bʰérōntoy</em> | <em class="recon">bʰéroyro</em> | ??? | #### <em class="recon">gʷ(é)m-</em> ‘step’ root perfective with <em class="recon">sḱé</em>-present (<em class="recon">gʷṃsḱé/ó-</em>) and reduplicated stative (<em class="recon">gʷegʷ(é/ó)m-</em>), active only ##### Imperfective, active | | 1ary indic. | 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | | ---- | -------------------------------- | -------------------------------- | -------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | -------------------------------- | | 1sg. | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱóh₂</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱóm</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱōh₂</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱóyh₁ṃ</em> | — | | 2sg. | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱési</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱés</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱḗsi</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱóys</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱé</em> | | 3sg. | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱéti</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱét</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱḗti</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱóyt</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱétu</em> | | 1du. | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱówos</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱówe</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱṓwos</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱóywe</em> | — | | 2du. | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱétes</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱétom</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱḗtes</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱóytom</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱétom</em> | | 3du. | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱétes</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱétām</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱḗtām</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱóytām</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱétām</em> | | 1pl. | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱémos</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱéme</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱṓmos</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱóyme</em> | — | | 2pl. | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱéte</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱéte</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱḗte</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱóyte</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱéte</em> | | 3pl. | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱónti</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱónd</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱṓnti</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱóyh₁end</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃsḱóntu</em> | ##### Perfective, active | | 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | | ---- | -------------------------------- | ------------------------------- | --------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- | | 1sg. | <em class="recon">gʷḗm</em>[^st] | <em class="recon">gʷémoh₂</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃyḗm</em> | — | | 2sg. | <em class="recon">gʷḗm</em>[^sz] | <em class="recon">gʷémesi</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃyéh₁s</em> | <em class="recon">gʷém</em>, <em class="recon">gʷṃdʰí</em> | | 3sg. | <em class="recon">gʷémd</em> | <em class="recon">gʷémeti</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃyéh₁t</em> | <em class="recon">gʷémtu</em> | | 1du. | <em class="recon">gʷṃwé</em> | <em class="recon">gʷémowos</em> | <em class="recon">gʷmih₁wé</em> | — | | 2du. | <em class="recon">gʷṃtóm</em> | <em class="recon">gʷémetes</em> | <em class="recon">gʷmih₁tóm</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃtóm</em> | | 3du. | <em class="recon">gʷṃtā́m</em> | <em class="recon">gʷémetes</em> | <em class="recon">gʷmih₁tā́m</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃtā́m</em> | | 1pl. | <em class="recon">gʷṃmé</em> | <em class="recon">gʷémomos</em> | <em class="recon">gʷmih₁mé</em> | — | | 2pl. | <em class="recon">gʷṃté</em> | <em class="recon">gʷémete</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃih₁té</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃté</em> | | 3pl. | <em class="recon">gʷménd</em> | <em class="recon">gʷémonti</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃih₁énd</em> | <em class="recon">gʷṃéntu</em> | [^st]: [[Stang's law]] [^sz]: [[Szemeŕenyi's law]] ##### Stative, active | | indicative | subjunctive | optative | imperative | | ---- | ---------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- | | 1sg. | <em class="recon">gʷegʷómh₂a</em> | <em class="recon">gʷegʷémoh₂</em> | <em class="recon">gʷegʷṃyḗm</em> | — | | 2sg. | <em class="recon">gʷegʷómth₂a</em> | <em class="recon">gʷegʷémesi</em> | <em class="recon">gʷegʷṃyéh₁s</em> | ???, <em class="recon">gʷegʷṃdʰi</em> | | 3sg. | <em class="recon">gʷegʷóme</em> | <em class="recon">gʷegʷémeti</em> | <em class="recon">gʷegʷṃyéh₁t</em> | ??? | | 1du. | <em class="recon">gʷegʷṃwé</em> | <em class="recon">gʷegʷémowos</em> | <em class="recon">gʷegʷmih₁wé</em> | — | | 2du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | | 3du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | | 1pl. | <em class="recon">gʷegʷṃmé</em> | <em class="recon">gʷegʷémomos</em> | <em class="recon">gʷegʷmih₁mé</em> | — | | 2pl. | <em class="recon">gʷegʷmé</em> | <em class="recon">gʷegʷémete</em> | <em class="recon">gʷegʷmih₁té</em> | ??? | | 3pl. | <em class="recon">gʷegʷmḗr</em> | <em class="recon">gʷegʷémonti</em> | <em class="recon">gʷegʷmih₁énd</em> | ??? | #### <em class="recon">wéǵʰ-</em> ‘transport (in a vehicle)’ simple thematic imperfective with s-perfective (<em class="recon">wḗ/éǵʰ-s-</em>) ##### Imperfective, active | | 1ary indic. | 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | | ---- | ------------------------------- | ------------------------------- | ------------------------------- | ------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | | 1sg. | <em class="recon">wéǵʰoh₂</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰom</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰōh₂</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰoyh₁ṃ</em>[^sv] | — | | 2sg. | <em class="recon">wéǵʰesi</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰes</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰēsi</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰoys</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰe</em>[^nimp] | | 3sg. | <em class="recon">wéǵʰeti</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰet</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰēti</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰoyt</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰetu</em> | | 1du. | <em class="recon">wéǵʰowos</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰowe</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰōwos</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰoywe</em> | — | | 2du. | <em class="recon">wéǵʰetes</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰetom</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰētes</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰoytom</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰetom</em> | | 3du. | <em class="recon">wéǵʰetes</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰetām</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰētes</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰoytām</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰetām</em> | | 1pl. | <em class="recon">wéǵʰomos</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰome</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰōmos</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰoyme</em> | — | | 2pl. | <em class="recon">wéǵʰete</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰete</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰēte</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰoyte</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰete</em> | | 3pl. | <em class="recon">wéǵʰonti</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰond</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰōnti</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰoyh₁end</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰontu</em> | ##### Imperfective, mediopassive | | 1ary indic. | 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | | ---- | ----------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | ----------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | | 1sg. | <em class="recon">wéǵʰoh₂ay</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰoh₂a</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰōh₂ay</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰoyh₂a</em> | — | | 2sg. | <em class="recon">wéǵʰeth₂ay</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰeth₂a</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰēth₂ay</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰoyth₂a</em> | ??? | | 3sg. | <em class="recon">wéǵʰetoy</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰeto</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰētoy</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰoyto</em> | ??? | | 1du. | <em class="recon">wéǵʰowosdʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰowedʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰōwosdʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰoywedʰh₂</em> | — | | 2du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | | 3du. | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | ??? | | 1pl. | <em class="recon">wéǵʰomosdʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰomedʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰōmosdʰh₂</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰoymedʰh₂</em> | — | | 2pl. | <em class="recon">wéǵʰedʰh₂ue</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰedʰh₂ue</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰēdʰh₂ue</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰoydʰh₂ue</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰedʰh₂ue</em> | | 3pl. | <em class="recon">wéǵʰontoy</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰonto</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰōntoy</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰoyro</em> | ??? | ##### Perfective, active | | 2ary indic. | subjunctive | optative | imperative | | ---- | ------------------------------- | -------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- | ------------------------------- | | 1sg. | <em class="recon">wḗǵʰsṃ</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰsoh₂</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰsih₁ṃ</em> | — | | 2sg. | <em class="recon">wḗǵʰs</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰsesi</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰsih₁s</em> | <em class="recon">wḗǵʰs</em> | | 3sg. | <em class="recon">wḗǵʰst</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰseti</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰsih₁t</em> | <em class="recon">wḗǵʰstu</em> | | 1du. | <em class="recon">wéǵʰsue</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰsowos</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰsih₁we</em> | — | | 2du. | <em class="recon">wéǵʰstom</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰsetes</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰsih₁tom</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰstom</em> | | 3du. | <em class="recon">wéǵʰstām</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰsetes</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰsih₁tām</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰstām</em> | | 1pl. | <em class="recon">wéǵʰsṃe</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰsomos</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰsih₁me</em> | — | | 2pl. | <em class="recon">wéǵʰste</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰsete</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰsih₁te</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰste</em> | | 3pl. | <em class="recon">wéǵʰsṇd</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰsonti</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰsih₁end</em> | <em class="recon">wéǵʰsṇtu</em> | ##### Perfective, mediopassive Since the s-perfective mediopassive was remodelled in every daughter, we can only guess that the conjugation had e-grade stems and the usual affixes. # --- #state/tidy | #lang/en | #SemBr